1 Human
Experiential Space
2 Three Types of Human
Dynamics
3 Capacity for Emergence
and Change
4 Unpredictability
5 Complex Causality
6 Fractals and Wholeness
7 Criticality
8 Self-Organization and
Vorticity
9 References
Society is a web of interactions and interrelationships of individuals
and their natural and artificial (human-made) worlds. The dynamics of
this web and the processes of its self-organisation, evolution, and
transformation are at the focus of the study of social complexity.
This study is centred in the rich conceptual basis of the non-linear
science – the science of turbulence and chaos, emergence and fractals,
self-organisation and criticality: the science of complexity.
The word “complexity” originates from the Latin word “complexus” which
means “totality”; the science of complexity explores totality of
dynamics - forces, energies, substances and forms - permeating the
universe and connecting everything that exists in an all-embracing web
of dynamic interrelationships and interactions. Different are the scales
of manifestation of this web – micro and macro, organic and inorganic,
animate and inanimate, natural and simulated, individual and social,
plant-like, animal and human. However different the scales of the web,
its dynamics at each scale exhibit similar characteristics and
regularities. The study of these characteristics and regularities has
brought forth a whole new paradigm – the paradigm of complexity
– based on the research field of nonlinear dynamics. This field includes
also human dynamics: individual and social.
One of the greatest physicist of the 20th century – Heisenberg - once
said: "The same regulating forces, that have created nature in all its
forms, are responsible for the structure of our psyche and also for our
capacity to think" (Heisenberg, 1971). The universe does not select a
special kind of dynamics to manifest through humans and another -
through the rest of the existential forms. Human dynamics form their
level in the wholeness of the self-created, self-propelled and
self-sustained universal dynamics. The challenge for the social
researchers is to be aware of this wholeness and reveal the ways it
manifests through social complexity.
1 Human Experiential
Space
Human Experiential Space is the space where the
trajectories of our lives unfold; this unfolding is driven by human
dynamics responsible for the synergy of the three vital ingredients of
the human nature: body-mind-soul. We call the space where the human
dynamics act experiential (Dimitrov and Ebsary, 1997) in order
to emphasise the importance of experience in the unfolding of each
trajectory of life. When experiencing an event (phenomenon, process),
we perceive it through our senses and associate with it thoughts and
feelings in order to interpret and make sense of it, feel and understand
the ‘message’ or ‘lesson’ that it offers to us, connect it with other
events from the past, or project it on our plans and dreams about the
future. Because of this, our experience is inseparable from our
thoughts and feelings - emotions and ideas, aspirations and
endeavours, intentions and ambitions, longings and dreams, spiritual
beliefs and revelations; in other words, our experience is inseparable
from our consciousness.
The experience feeds our consciousness with real-life signs and
symbols; by interpreting and understanding them, the consciousness
enriches our experience. The richer – broader and deeper - the
experience, the stronger it affects the growth of the consciousness.
Although the tandem ‘experience-consciousness’ is unique for each
individual, the human dynamics behind this tandem – dynamics which make
the senses work, the mind coordinate them, and the soul illuminate and
inspire the mind - are of the following three types:
(1) dynamics which keep one’s consciousness oscillate around one and
the same level of development;
(2) dynamics which drag one’s consciousness down: pull it towards lower
levels of development;
(3) dynamics which stimulate the growth of one’s consciousness: expand
and push it towards higher levels of development;
Similar types of dynamics have been studied and described thousands of
years ago by the Vedic sages – ancient Hindu thinkers and Yoga
practitioners; they called them “gunas” – a Sanskrit word meaning
“qualities” and used to characterise the primary forces of nature and
the subtle energies pervading every aspect of existence and strongly
influencing human lives (Jacobsen, 1999).
2 Three Types of Human
Dynamics
2.1 The First Type: Ego-centred Dynamics
The dynamics of the first type are the most
widely spread in the human nature: they have preserved our ego-centred
consciousness almost unchangeable since the dawn of the human
civilization.
The driving force of these dynamics is the force of human desires; all
kinds of desires constantly emerge out of the body-mind-soul
interactions, and agitate us until we undertake actions to satisfy or
calm them. The largest part of the emergent desires can be
characterized as egoistic: their satisfactions pursue one’s own
interests and advancement.
Western civilization is overload by inordinate multiplication of
materialistic (consumption-oriented) desires and longings. As far as
their satisfaction requires money, the vast majority of people in the
world work hard to get it, and because of this, become restless and
stressful, competitive and greedy. Especially in today’s era of frantic
globalisation, when the number of financially enslaved people has
dramatically increased, the work of the largest part of humanity
becomes harder and yet worthless: the more we work, the less we have
(Dimitrov, 2001). Together with the competitiveness and greediness, it
comes envy and animosity, pride and anger, fear and anxiety, hatred and
vindictiveness, cruelty and violence – qualities entirely supported by
the ego-centred dynamics. The above qualities strongly impede the growth
of the individual consciousness, fill it in with egoistic motives and
drives, and keep it stuck to selfish thoughts, feelings and actions,
with no power to transcend their limitations.
As far as the ego-centred dynamics support also one’s persistence in
pursuing a chosen goal, in studying and obeying instructions of a
preceptor, protecting people, offering gifts, performing acts of
sacrifice, charity, etc., the described dynamics can gravitate in
direction of further developing certain aspects of the individual
consciousness. Unfortunately, this kind of partial developments are not
enough to support the holistic growth of one’s consciousness; the pull
of the selfish desires eventually prevails and drags the consciousness
back to the orbits of the ego.
The Vedic thinkers and practitioners called the guna corresponding to
this type of dynamics “rajas” – a Sanskrit word meaning “passion”,
“energy”. Rajasic dynamics have ‘boiled’ within the human nature along
the whole history of people’s existence on the planet. The moments of
joy and happiness produced by rajasic dynamics pass quickly; the
ultimate fruits of these dynamics are stress and exhaustion,
disappointment and sorrow, pain and suffering.
2.2 The Second Type: Dynamics of Delusion
The second type of dynamics manifests in individuals without any
urge to know and understand the world they live in; they are ready to
give up any task, if it requires labour, diligence or patience.
Delusion, ignorance, and inertia are the typical outcomes of these
dynamics, plus qualities like stubbornness and haughtiness, vanity and
cupidity, wrath and unforgivingness, hostility and evilness of
disposition, ill-speaking of other people and indulgence in calumny,
contempt, want of vigour and sincerity, stolidity, absence of
self-control, crookedness, vileness of behaviour, fear, indecision in
respect to action, lassitude, grief.
Deluded minds lack capacity to discriminate between truth and falsity:
they are easily stupefied, enslaved by dogmas and fanaticism,
manipulated and brainwashed. When this happens, the dynamics of delusion
accelerate up to such degree that they darken people’s consciousness
entirely and make it impossible for them to genuinely experience,
reason, or create; the only thing the deluded are able to do is to
obey their instincts, repeat like parrots what the ‘experts’ say, and
do what the ‘leaders’ want them to do.
The ancient Hindu philosophers called the guna corresponding to this
type of dynamics “tamas” - a Sanskrit word which means “darkness”,
“ignorance”, “inertia”.
2.3 The Third Type: Dynamics of Enlightenment
Individual consciousness can grow only, if it supported by its
inner sources for growth. Enlightenment cannot be borrowed from another
person or poured into one’s head from an external source. The urge for
growth in intelligence and wisdom must come from within similarly to
the growth of a seed, which cannot happen without the potential
imbedded in it. And yet, there is a huge difference between the growth
of a seed and the growth of the human consciousness: the seed must wait
for external conditions favourable for its growth, while the
consciousness can stimulate its growth by itself using its own
power – the power of its own will and reason, its own emotions and
intuition, no matter what the external conditions are.
The third type of human dynamics manifests in our urge for
enlightenment – knowledge, intelligence, wisdom. Self-control and
courage, contentment and forgiveness, compassion and abstention from
injuring another creature, humility and modesty, freedom from vanity and
egotism, absence of stinginess, meanness, wrath, cruelty, malice,
laziness - these are some of the qualities sustained by the dynamics of
enlightenment.
This type of dynamics is behind the most precious human knowledge – the
knowledge of ourselves: understanding the reason to be born, the tasks
to complete, the missions to fulfil, enigmas existential to reveal.
The dynamics of enlightenment energise our will to experience the
harmony in nature, to grasp the unity and infinity of existence, to
reveal, understand, and connect with its centre before our bodies
disintegrate.
The corresponding ‘guna’ is called “sattwa” – a Sanskrit word meaning
“harmony”, “light”, “balance”. Peaceful and calm is the mind of a
sattwic person; wise and inspiring are the sattwic words, free from
selfish expectations and results are the sattwic actions, joyful and
happy is the sattwic soul.
“They who abide in “sattwa” proceed upwards in their consciousness;
they who abide in “rajas” remain in the middle; they who abide in
“tamas” sink downwards” say the ancient Vedas (“Veda” means “knowledge”
in Sanskrit).
Although the three types of human dynamics described above act in
parallel in the experiential space of each and every human being, there
is always a type that prevails in one’s experience. It is through
resonant conscious efforts of one’s body, mind, and soul that the
dynamics of enlightenment can be strengthened and made the most
influential in the unfolding of one’s life (Dimitrov, 2000).
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3 Capacity for
Emergence and Change
The most significant characteristic of interactive
human dynamics is their inherent potential to give birth to emergent
phenomena and thus to bring forth changes. Ability to change is crucial
for any form of life; whatever resists change is condemned to death. The
change is not arbitrary or accidental but depends on a ‘law’, according
to which each thing or state of existence can only change into
something already inherent as potentiality in its own nature. Human
embryo changes into a human being and not into a fish or another
animal; the human being changes physically and may grow in wisdom, but
cannot change, while living on this planet, into a hypothetical
extraterrestrial creature or an omniscient god.
In human dynamics, an emergent phenomenon may lead to profound changes
in the life of an individual and society. When the occurring changes are
characterised with directedness and persistency, they may reveal a
process of self-organisation. For example, the changes in an organism
from its birth to death manifest a self-organising process that unfolds
in a vital co-adaptive drift (‘structural coupling’) with the changes in
its environment (Maturana and Varela, 1987).
Various factors and conditions may strengthen or weaken the capacity
for emergence and change inherent in human dynamics.
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4 Unpredictability
It is hard to predict any long-term unfolding of
human life, as this unfolding reflects the interplay of many known and
unknown, internal and external, strong and weak, human-created and
natural factors, which constantly influence one’s experience,
perception, understanding, knowledge, and actions. The degree of
interactions of all the factors involved is so high that human dynamics
becomes extremely sensitive even to minute perturbations. Minor
changes of the conditions, under which human (social, economic,
cultural, etc.) dynamics self-organise, may result in drastically
different ways of self-organisation. For example, seemingly small
changes in the budgets of the households in society can lead to a
significant increase in domestic violence, little variations in rental
rates, interest rates or tax rates can produce large effects on
affordable housing, sustainable agriculture or energy effective
transport (Young, 1992), slight increase of the price of soybeans can
put under threat vast tracts of rainforest (Green and Newth, 2001), etc.
The pioneer of the deterministic chaos - Edward Lorentz - called such
kind of effect a "butterfly effect" (Lorentz, 1993); it can never
happen in the world of linear systems.
The stock-market, human and environmental health, national economies,
socio-political formations like the green or anti-globalisation movement
are examples of unpredictable non-linear categories in the study of
social complexity.
Unpredictability in the ‘non-linear’ social world is not an obstacle to
understand it. On the contrary, by exploring the unpredictable dynamics
of any non-linear process, one can gain insight with enormous
explanatory power. For instance, it is unpredictability of the social
world that helps us understand that there are no negligible human
actions: even randomly chosen and seemingly insignificant actions can
lock-in, accelerate and amplify, beyond our ability to control their
future directions. Because of this effect, human dynamics are
permanently driven out of equilibrium. In this situation it is better
to be aware about their self-organising drive, the ways it manifests,
and how it is affected by external and internal changes, however small
they might appear.
5 Complex Causality
In the all-pervading web of dynamic interactions and
interrelationships, all the entities and processes are interconnected.
When the entire web contributes to the existence of even the ‘smallest’
thing in it, how could we distinguish any specific cause-and-effect
relationship? Where everything relates to everything else in a tangled
dynamic web of interdependent relationships, how can we trust any
linear analysis of this web?
Having pointed this negative truth out to a reluctant world of people
who seek to control nature and society for various reasons, good or bad,
the human dimensions of complexity are then left with the positive task
of stirring-up human creativity, helping individuals move beyond the
social stereotypes, and discover their own unique ways for navigating
the ocean of complexity, instead of dreaming of a safe and tidy linear
haven that does not exist.
This discovery gives us a key for understanding the crucial difference
between the ‘classics’ of the systems approaches to social reality and
the ‘heresy’ of the social paradigm of complexity.
According to the ‘classics’, an effective description of a human system
can always be built from the descriptions of its separately analysable
parts. What is needed is to identify the forces which help keep the
parts of that system in a balanced relationship, and to remove the
perturbations pushing the system out of the state of balance. Although
this approach never works in social reality, practitioners continue to
use it in pursuit of illusory states of equilibrium of the systems
underlying behaviour of humans and society. As such states never exist,
they waste time and resources pursuing mirages.
According to the ‘heresy’, separately analysed components can never
create an adequate description of the whole. Positive and negative
feedback loops permanently drive the overall behaviour of an individual
(group, society) out of equilibrium, towards the ‘edge of chaos’, a
critical zone between disorder and order, where emergence of new
qualitative states takes place, and holistic transformations may occurs.
When we deal with social complexity, we cannot rely upon linear model
of causality. As we already pointed out, changes in the conditions under
which this type of causality has been observed can significantly alter
the emergent effects. We only waste time and energy when trying to
force human dynamics in a pre-planned, non-negotiable direction. It is
much wiser to learn how to nudge from within the social dynamics, how
to manage and guide from inside their self-organising capacity
(Goerner, 1994).
6 Fractals and Wholeness
Reducing does not simplify when applied to social
complexity: interactions are important and interactions mean integrity
and inseparability.
Theorists of chaos and complexity dispense with the idea, foundational
in the logic of mainstream science, that the world and what it contains
can be analysed into separated parts. In the complexity paradigm, parts
simply do not exist as such distinct from the whole, to the emergence
and dynamic integrity of which they have organically contributed, and
the whole at any scale level of presentation consists only of wholes
representing it at lower scale levels; so the distinction between whole
and part as applied in systems science has been dissolved.
Fractals, discovered by Mandelbrot (Mandelbrot, 1982) are similar
patterns repeating themselves at different orders of dimension. If one
magnifies a fine area of fractal structure, one gets increased
information in proportion to the new scale. Thus, the world not only
looks different to the observers at different scales, it also measures
differently. In every day language, this powerful mathematical insight
means that the deeper one's understanding of a complex picture, the
more meaningful nuances one can notice in it.
In biology we can see that every cell of the organism bears the unique
genetic code of the whole organism, otherwise it would not be able to
interact with other cells. Conversely, it is also understood that it is
because of the interactive nature of cells that cells have elaborated
this code. The wholes of cells and their interactions make the
organism function, and at the same time the organism as a whole
supports the functioning of each interactive cell.
There is a property of cells discovered by biology that is both a
compelling metaphor for the unbroken wholeness of life and at the same
time a challenge to ecological and social researchers, to provide
appropriately ecological categories for biological and social life.
Apoptosis is an essential property of all living entities, in terms of
which cells are genetically programmed to kill themselves, if not the
constant interaction with their neighbours - interaction that keep them
alive (Raff, 1998). No one cell is capable of living in isolation. No
one living creature, no one human being either! This phenomenon seems
strange to the logic that sees life as life, the inherent and defining
property of all living things, striven for and sometimes lost, but
belonging to the living entity and to nothing else. Yet each cell
strives for death, not life, unless it is sustained by other cells
which would also strive for death unless sustained by others, in a
larger living organism whose life is therefore dependent not on the
simple ‘life’ of each component cell, but on a complex mixture of life
and death, life as the temporary absence of death.
This unbroken ecological wholeness of social reality in which, and
through which, we exist is another manifestation of self-reflexivity,
which was brilliantly captured by Gödel in the proof of his
celebrated theorem: it is possible to make true statements within a
particular system that cannot be proved by use of the elements and logic
of that system. This is because the system under consideration is
organically interconnected with some larger system, which by itself is
dissolved into another greater than it, and so on.
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7 Criticality
Everyone who works in a complex organization,
whether in a management, leadership, or other capacity, needs to leave
aside any dreams for ‘blissful’ steady states of equilibrium in
organisational dynamics and learn how to deal with critical states:
states which are subject to sharp changes or transitions in a field,
which may be single or may form a cascade. Although the complex
entities have periods of relative stability ('punctuated equilibrium'),
they are constantly driven towards critical states - zones of
criticality (Bak, 1996) – and it is these where the practical ability
of the practitioner is tested, and not in the steady state of affairs.
Chaotic dynamics are ‘ruled’ by strange attractors (Ruelle, 1989) -
emergent phenomena with whimsically strange forms (seen when mapped on
the 'phase space' - a mathematical space containing all possible states
of a dynamical system). Anything off the strange attractor is ‘folded’
towards it, but anything on it is ‘stretched’ in an unpredictable way –
except that one thing is predictable: it always stays on the attractor.
When dealing with social complexity, we need to understand what kind of
social attractors are propelling its dynamics. What fields of social
activity attract, inspire and concentrate the energy of people and what
fields act as repellers of human creativity? Are there any hidden
forces responsible for bringing forth specific organisational dynamics?
If it happens that some attractors are detrimental for an individual
(organisation), how can the emergence of new attractors in his or her
experiential space be catalysed which are in favour of the individual
(organisational) growth?
According to Yorke, chaos is ubiquitous: a chaotic orbit can come
arbitrarily close to any point in the phase space (Yorke, 1996). Since
chaos can occur on every scale of the holistic dynamic structure of the
universe, people could use instabilities in order to manipulate the
motion of energy in the society and nature on a very large scale. This
becomes possible due to the butterfly effect: little changes may lead to
significant results. The butterfly effect gives an incredible power to
the hands, brains and hearts of practitioners working in various
fields of social activity.
Self-organised dynamics are endowed with capacity to move towards zones
of criticality in the experiential space – zones which the researchers
in chaos call ‘edge of chaos’ (Packard, 1988); one can reveal such zones
on the frontier between order and chaos in the experiential space of an
individual as well. In a region of any imposed social order (as under
dictatorship) or social chaos (as under anarchy), the dynamics of human
life would not be able to adapt and evolve. It is on the frontier
between order and chaos - at the ‘edge of chaos’, - where a delicate
dynamic balance can emerge, impregnated with seeds of creative
transformations. While we cannot be masters of the transformations at
the edge of chaos, we are not slaves to them; we co-create them. This is
an entirely new challenging way of perceiving the role of those who
seek to be practitioners working in the social paradigm of complexity,
agents of change in the ‘global age’ of complexity.
"In a recursive, complexly interwoven world, whatever one does
propagates outward, returns, recycles and comes back in a completely
unpredictable form. We can never fully know to what results our action
leads. We take action; the action can have a very potent shaping
effect. Then we relax the drive to control and allow the process to
unfold - the process learns, shapes and changes itself through all its
inseparable components, not under the direction of one of them only.
Together with overall changes in the process, we also change, almost
unnoticeably, without any strain." (Goerner, 1994).
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8 Self-Organization
and Vorticity
Complex interactive dynamics give birth to forces of
self-organization arising spontaneously from seemingly disordered
conditions.
How can entirely new structures emerge from the multitude of dynamic
interactions within a complex system? The concepts of vortex and vorticity
shed some light on this stunning phenomenon.
Vortex is an icon of complexity; it provides an image for
emergence of a dynamically stable pattern in turbulent conditions. The
vortex is characterised by a centre and a particular kind of balance
between centripetal (outwardly directed, ‘explosive’) forces and
centrifugal (inwardly directed, ‘implosive’) forces. Examples of
vortices in nature are eddies, whirlpools, whirlwinds, tornadoes,
maelstroms, hurricanes.
The vortex is a metaphor of oneness (wholeness) which is centred, and
which creates and preserves emergent forces. It is a metaphor of
spontaneously formed unity-in-motion, devoid of artificially built
foundation or imposed structures. There is no rigidness in the vortical
dynamics, no pre-designed boundaries, no extremes and polar points, no
division.
Vorticity is capacity of the interactive fluid dynamics to form
vortices and, therefore, to give birth to emergent forces. The larger
the vorticity, the greater are the magnitudes of the implosive
centripetal and the explosive centrifugal forces. Where these forces are
coming from? They do not come from outside the vortex; they come from within
it, as a result of suddenly intensified dynamic interactions of the
entrained masses of fluids with different characteristics.
Similar emergence occurs in the space of the human thoughts and
feelings, ideas and emotions, longings and aspirations, spiritual
beliefs and dreams. The whirling motion of these 'immaterial'
emanations of the human brains, hearts, and souls can generate forces
of magnitudes comparable with the magnitudes of the forces produced by
tornadoes and whirlpools. Only the scales of the involved dynamics of
nature are different; the forces emerging out of tornadoes and
whirlpools are at the macro scale – the scale of external natural
phenomena and processes, - while the forces emerging out of our whirling
thoughts and feelings are at the micro scale – the scale of our inner
nature. Same all-embracing dynamics, different scales of
manifestation!
What injects vorticity in the space of our emotions and ideas,
aspirations and dreams, and thus stimulates emergence of creative
insights? It might be our urge to know, our thirst to explore the world
and ourselves, our motivation to go beyond the limits, which the
ignorance puts on our understanding of reality, both outer and inner.
While exploring the interplay of human dynamics, the social paradigm of
complexity empowers us in our endeavour to decrease the denseness of
the layers of ignorance and learn to transcend them.
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9 References
1. Bak, P. (1996) How Nature Works, NY:
Copernicus
2. Dimitrov, V. and Ebsary, R. (1997) Intrapersonal Auropoiesis, Internet
paper: http://www.pnc.com.au/%7Elfell/vlad2.html
3. Dimitrov, V. (2000) Consciousness Resonance in Action, Internet
paper: http://www.uws.edu.au/vip/dimitrov/consciousness.htm
4. Goerner, S. (1994) Chaos and the Evolving Ecological Universe,
Routledge
5. Green, D. and Newth, D. (2001) Towards a Theory of Everythin? –
Grand Challenges in Complexity and Informatics, Complexity
International , vol.8: http://www.csu.edu.au/ci/vol08/
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Conversations, NY: Harper and Row, p.101
7. Jacobsen, K. (1999) Prakiti in Samkhya-Yoga: Material Principle,
Religious Experience, Ethical Implications, NY: Peter Lang Publ.
8. Lorenz, E. (1993) The Essence of Chaos Washington: University
of Washington Press
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Francisco: Freemen Co.
10. Maturana H. and Varela, F. (1987) The Tree of Knowledge,
Boston and London: Shambala
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Mandell J. A. S. Kelso and M. F. Shlesinger, editors, Dynamic
Patterns in Complex Systems, pp. 293--301, Singapore: World
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12. Raff M (1998) Cell Suicide for Beginners. Nature 396:119-122
13. Ruelle, D. (1989) Chaotic Evolution and Strange Attractors,
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14. Yorke, J. (1996) Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems,
Heidelberg, NY: Springer Verlag
15. Young, T.R. (1992) Chaos Theory and Human Agency, Internet paper
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© Dimitrov, V., 2003